Volume 80, 2005

Die Beziehungen Kilikiens zu den Phöniziern waren wenigstens ebenso bedeutend wie die zu Griechenland. Bislang bekannt sind die phönizischen Inschriften aus Hassan Beyli und vom Karatepe, die Stempelsiegel aus der Grabung Gözlükule in Tarsus, alle im Ebenen Kilikien, und einer Inschrift nahe Alanya im Rauhen Kilikien. In diesem Aufsatz wird ein Teil der in den letzten Jahren im Rauhen Kilikien neu gefundenen phönizischen Objekte, Keramik und Terrakotten, vorgestellt. In den kilikischen Museen gibt es eine reiche Auswahl von phönizischen Amphoren und Krügen, die hier in Auswahl gezeigt werden. Die phönizischen Funde aus dem Rauhen Kilikien stammen aus einer Zeit zwischen dem 8. und 4. Jh. v. Chr. Sie sind ein wichtiger Beleg für die Beziehungen des Rauhen Kilikiens mit Phönizien in dieser Zeit. Es scheint Zufall zu sein, daß in den gleichen Jahrhunderten sowohl Griechen als auch Phönizier im Rauhen Kilikien anwesend waren. Wie auch die Griechen erreichten die Phönizier Kilikien über das Mittelmeer, so daß die Mehrzahl der Funde an den Küstenstädten zu finden ist. Bislang wurde bei den Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in Kilikien wenig auf Phönizicas geachtet; es ist zu hoffen, daß in der nächsten Zeit weitere Belege für diese Kontakte an das Tageslicht kommen.

Direkte Hinweise bautechnischer Art und eine indirekte Notiz aus Pausanias beweisen, dass das Heraion in Olympia ursprünglich eine Peristasis aus Holzsäulen besessen hat. Aufgrund der variierenden Schaft- und Kapitellformen der erhaltenen Steinsäulen wurde einhellig geschlossen, dass die Holzsäulen sukzessive ersetzt worden sind. Offen blieb lediglich die Frage, ob dies infolge Baufälligkeit oder unabhängig davon durch Votive geschah. Indizien technischer Art führen zu dem überraschenden Ergebnis, dass die Säulen einerseits zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten gefertigt, andererseits aber in einem einzigen Arbeitsgang versetzt worden sein müssen. Zwar war die Versetzung voll ausgearbeiteter Bauglieder in der Antike nicht die Regel, doch gibt es genügend Hinweise materieller und literarischer Art zu einem derartigen Vorgehen.

A well-preserved bronze hydria turned up in the art market in 2003. It is a high quality piece, shedding new light on a small group of archaic Greek bronze hydriae which hitherto lingered almost forgotten in the background of recent scholarship. This is the first publication to show the importance of the ‘new’ hydria and the group to which it belongs.

This contribution presents the fourth report about the on-going survey project of Ghent University in the Adriatic valley of the River Potenza (Marches, Italy). The project investigates the settlement history of the valley, essentially between 1000 BC and AD 1000. In 2003 substantial results in the middle and lower valley have been obtained with the help of remote sensing techniques, while the field surveys, geo-archaeological operations and study of surface finds have focussed on the protohistoric and Roman occupation of the coastal area. Quite spectacular were survey results on and around three Roman towns in the valley, contributing to the topographical knowledge of urbanisation in this part of Italy.

In March 2004, an intensive, small-scale, problem-oriented survey was conducted in the area surrounding two Samnite sanctuaries in the Alta Valle del Tappino (CB), which lies in the modern region of Molise in central-southern Italy. The sanctuary at S. Giovanni in Galdo, località Colle Rimontato, and the sanctuary at Gildone, località Cupa, were of equally modest dimensions and were frequented during the Hellenistic and the Roman periods. In this short preliminary report, the objectives of the survey will be discussed in the context of the theoretical framework of the project. The first provisional results will also be presented.

The Campanian cities provide numerous wall-paintings with banqueting or banqueting-related imagery, in which the drinking silver tends to feature prominently. At first glance the silverware appears realistic, and the conclusion that the painters used contemporary vessels as models is tempting. However, a close examination of selected paintings, and comparison of the painted vessels to extant silverware of the first centuries BC and AD, shows that such a conclusion needs to be refined. Close parallels between actual and painted vessels are in fact rare; parallels of any kind tend to be rough at best, but often cannot be found. The painters, although providing a plausible representation of actual vessels, did not produce a ‘photographic’ record.

The Garden Houses in Ostia are a large-scale apartment complex built during the reign of Hadrian. The complex is most famous for its standardised layout of the medianum-apartments in the central courtyard. By analysing the preserved internal staircases of the core apartments, the height of the buildings could be reconstructed; they appeared to correspond to the contemporary building regulations. The consensus is that Roman apartments generally lacked water related facilities. An in-depth study of the Garden Houses on site, however, has revealed that the central apartments had a water drainage system and a direct connection to the urban water net.

The third campaign of the Nemrud Dag&Mac249; Project, in 2003, primarily aimed at the protection and conservation of the four tuffit dexiosis reliefs and the lion horoscope on the West Terrace. These were brought to a temporary on-site restoration laboratory, where, in the next years, they will be treated. Furthermore, the statue of Antiochos on the East Terrace was restored by partial dismantling and rebuilding, and the northern statue of the Eagle and the base were partly restored; a job to be fully completed in the next campaign. This work also resulted in some new observations concerning stone working techniques, building structure, letter marks and style of the colossi. The archaeological work furthermore consisted of documentation (SIS) and taking an inventory of remains from Nemrud Dag&Mac249; in the storerooms of the museum of Ad&Mac245;yaman. This report also contains an essay on the life and work of Theresa Goell, Nemrud Dag&Mac249;’s main explorer in the last century.

The ‘House of the Rape of Europa’ in Cos stands as one of the most significant examples of residential building in the city (some 550 m2). It was inhabited 3rd century BC-3rd century AD and underwent periodic restoration, until it was destroyed in a disastrous landslide. The archaeological investigations brought to light remains of wall decoration (about 35 m2) and part of the furnishings, notably seven marble statues. This paper presents some considerations concerning the overall decorative scheme of the house in the last phase of occupation. The involved materials are summarily illustrated and the various elements placed in context formulating a first comprehensive interpretation.

The Augustan praetorium on the Kops Plateau was a building of special status. Its orientation did not align with the encampment’s grid system and it was located at the edge of the encampment rather than at its center. As a result the major reception hall and the residential area of the building offered a view onto enemy territory in the distance. This exceptional scenery makes it plausible that the praetorium was intended for people who were involved in the overall strategy of the military campaigns. The praetorium was obviously affected by architectural features that were fashionable in the early Augustan era. This links the praetorium to the remains of contemporary domestic architecture in the Mediterranean and Vitruvius’ recommendations on house architecture. During the last decades BC, the theory behind Vitruvius’ treatise can be seen in the architectural practice found in Pompeii and the praetorium on the Kops Plateau.

This paper takes a fresh look at the distribution of eastern sigillata A in Italy. The attested pattern is explained against the contemporary political, socio-economic and cultural background of the growing impact of Rome in the eastern Mediterranean. Especially in its early stages, the trade in eastern sigillata A formed part of wider patterns of dialectic exchange. In this way, the paper illustrates how the consumption of household artefacts could reflect and interact with wider processes, elevating eastern sigillata A to the status of desirable surrogate. Finally, a possible association with Rhosica vasa is suggested.

A female statuette of the mid 5th century BC from the Gela Acropolis, shown in the impressive gesture of anasyrma, can easily be identified as a representation of Baubò, the old woman who made Demeter laugh when just arrived in Eleusis in mourning. It is the oldest known representation of the daimon and also the most true to the account of the myth. It adds important new evidence to the already rich documentation about the cult of Demeter at Gela, and adds an Eleusinian touch, because of Baubò’s close links with Eleusis.